SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is predominately an unconscious process by which a newborn
child learns the values, beliefs, rules and regulations of society or
internalizes the culture in which it is born. Socialization, in fact, includes
learning of three important processes: (1) cognitive; (2) affective, and (3)
evaluative. In other words, socialization includes the knowledge of how things
are caused and the establishment of emotional links with the rest of the
members of the society. Socialization, therefore, equips an individual in such
a way that he can perform his duties in his society. Who are the agents of
socialization? The agents of socialization vary from society to society.
However, in most of the cases, it is the family which is a major socializing
agent, that is, the nearest kinsmen are the first and the most important agents
of socialization. The other groups which are socializing units in a society
vary according to the complexity. Thus, in modern complex society, the
important socializing agents are educational institutions, while in primitive
societies, clans and lineages play a more important role. Socialization is a
slow process.
There is no fixed time regarding the beginning and the end of this process.
However, some sociologists formulated different stages of socialization. These
are (1) oral stage, (2) anal stage (3) oedipal stage, and (4) adolescence. In
all these stages, especially in the first three, the main socializing agent is
the family. The first stage is that of a new-born child when he is not involved
in the family as a whole but only with his mother. He does not recognize anyone
except his mother. The time at which the second stage begins is generally after
first year and ends when the infant is around three. At this stage, the child
separates the role of his mother and his own. Also during this time force is
used on the child, that is, he is made to learn a few basic things. The third
stage extends from about fourth year to 12th to 13th year, that is, till
puberty. During this time, the child becomes a member of the family as a whole
and identifies himself with the social role ascribed to him. The fourth stage
begins at puberty when a child wants freedom from parental control. He has to
choose a job and a partner for himself. He also learns about incest taboo.
Socialization is predominately an oblivious process by which an infant youngster takes in the qualities, convictions, standards and regulations of society or disguises the society in which it is conceived. Socialization, actually, incorporates learning of three essential techniques: (1) cognitive; (2) full of feeling, and (3) evaluative. As it were, socialization incorporates the learning of how things are brought on and the foundation of enthusiastic connections with whatever remains of the parts of the general public.
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